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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health threat that has stimulated the scientific community to search for nontraditional therapeutic targets. Because virulence, but not the growth, of many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens depends on the multicomponent type three secretion system injectisome (T3SSi), the T3SSi has been an attractive target for identifying small molecules, peptides, and monoclonal antibodies that inhibit its function to render the pathogen avirulent.

Ian M. DeStefano Annie S. Wayne  Elizabeth A. Rozanski  Jonathan M. Babyak

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) colonize intestinal epithelium by generating characteristic attaching and effacing (AE) lesions. They are lysogenized by prophage that encode Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2), which is responsible for severe clinical manifestations.

Antimicrobial resistance threatens health and global security, with an estimated 162,000 deaths per year in the United States caused by multidrug-resistant infections

ACS Publications, Organic Letters, 2018 Nov 14. doi: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03333

Dozens of Gram negative pathogens use one or more type III secretion systems (T3SS) to disarm host defenses or occupy a beneficial niche during infection of a host organism.

Sarah B Doernberg, Thuy Tien Tram Tran, Steven Y C Tong, Mical Paul, Dafna Yahav, Joshua S Davis, Leonard Leibovici, Helen W Boucher,  G Ralph Corey,  Sara E Cosgrove, Henry F Chambers,  Vance G Fowler,  Scott R Evans, Thomas L Holland,

Course-based research experiences (CREs) have been proposed as an inclusive model to expose all students, including those at institutions without a strong research infrastructure, to research at an early stage.